Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a debilitating mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in nearly all activities. It significantly impairs emotional well-being, cognitive functioning, and the ability to manage daily responsibilities. MDD may present as a single depressive episode or occur recurrently, often requiring long-term management and care.
Individuals with MDD may experience a range of emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms. These symptoms must be present for at least two weeks and represent a change from previous functioning.
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, often reported as feeling sad, empty, or hopeless.
- Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, even those once found enjoyable (anhedonia).
- Significant weight loss or gain, or noticeable changes in appetite nearly every day.
- Insomnia or hypersomnia, disrupting normal sleep patterns and functioning.
- Psychomotor agitation or retardation, observed by others as either restlessness or slowed movements.
- Fatigue or loss of energy, even after adequate rest.
- Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, which may be delusional.
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate, impacting decisions and productivity.
- Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide, including ideation, attempts, or planning.
A thorough diagnostic process is essential to confirm MDD and guide effective treatment planning.
